Understanding the mechanism of direct activation of AMP-kinase: Towards a fine allosteric tuning of the kinase activity

Abstract

This research deals with the regulation of the AMPK activity by direct activators, such as compound A-769662. AMPK is a key enzyme to maintain the cellular energy homeostasis, as it regulates the levels of ATP, being an important target to metabolic diseases like obesity or diabetes MT2. It is formed by 3 subunits α, β, and γ. The activation mechanism of A-769662 is of particular interest, because it activates AMPK independently of α-Thr172 phosphorylation, the β-Ser108 being phosphorylated. Under these circumstances, binding of A-769662 enhances the AMPK activity up to >90-fold (PDB 4CFF) [1-3]. We have recently studied the chain of events implicated in the binding of this ligand to the activating binding site, which is located between the α and β subunits of AMPK. MD simulations of AMPK were run for apo, holo, and holo+ ATP systems. For each system, we ran three independent MD simulations up to 1 μs. The impact of the activator binding was studied by different analysis, such as essential dynamics and evaluation of conformational entropies, among others [4]. We concluded that A-769662 acts as a molecular glue, making an effective connection between β- and α-subunits that pre-organizes the ATP-binding site, favouring the binding of ATP, and explaining the increase of the AMPK activity. These findings pave the way to explore the structural features that underline the different sensitivity of AMPK isoforms to A-769662, i.e., try to discern why A-769662 is only active in the α2β1γ1 isoform, while other compounds are active with isoform β2.