Excluded Volume Causes Integer and Fractional Plateaus in Colloidal Ratchet Currents

Abstract

We study the collective transport of paramagnetic colloids driven above a magnetic bubble lattice by an external rotating magnetic eld. We measure a direct ratchet current which rises in integer and fractional steps with the eld amplitude. The stepwise increase is caused by excluded volume interactions between the particles, which form composite clusters above the bubbles with mobile and immobile occupation sites. Transient energy minima located at the interstitials between the bubbles cause the colloids to hop from one composite cluster to the next with synchronous and period doubled modes of transport. The colloidal current may be polarized to make selective use of type up or type down interstitials.