Author:
|
Rocafort, Muntsa; Noguera-Julian, Marc; Rivera, Javier; Pastor, Lucía; Guillén, Yolanda; Langhorst, Jost; Parera, Mariona; Mandomando, Inácio; Carrillo, Jorge; Urrea, Victor; Rodríguez, Cristina; Casadellà, Maria; Calle, Maria Luz; Clotet, Bonaventura; Blanco, Julià; Naniche, Denise; Paredes, Roger
|
Abstract:
|
Background: In rhesus macaques, simian immunodeficiency virus infection is followed by expansion of enteric
viruses but has a limited impact on the gut bacteriome. To understand the longitudinal effects of HIV-1 infection on
the human gut microbiota, we prospectively followed 49 Mozambican subjects diagnosed with recent HIV-1
infection (RHI) and 54 HIV-1-negative controls for 9–18 months and compared them with 98 chronically HIV-1-
infected subjects treated with antiretrovirals (n = 27) or not (n = 71).
Results: We show that RHI is followed by increased fecal adenovirus shedding, which persists during chronic HIV-1
infection and does not resolve with ART. Recent HIV-1 infection is also followed by transient non-HIV-specific
changes in the gut bacterial richness and composition. Despite early resilience to change, an HIV-1-specific
signature in the gut bacteriome—featuring depletion of Akkermansia, Anaerovibrio, Bifidobacterium, and
Clostridium—previously associated with chronic inflammation, CD8+ T cell anergy, and metabolic disorders, can be
eventually identified in chronically HIV-1-infected subjects.
Conclusions: Recent HIV-1 infection is associated with increased fecal shedding of eukaryotic viruses, transient loss
of bacterial taxonomic richness, and long-term reductions in microbial gene richness. An HIV-1-associated
microbiome signature only becomes evident in chronically HIV-1-infected subjects. |