Doctoral education in nursing in ibero-america: an analysis of its evolution and perspectives for the future

Abstract

Aim: To provide an overview of doctoral programs in nursing offered in Ibero-American countries to inform regional collaboration and academic development. Design: This study was a descriptive, document analysis. Methods: A systematic mapping was conducted using data obtained from official university and program websites, national postgraduate databases, and academic documents. The variables analysed included country, institution, year of implementation, number of faculty and students, course duration, delivery modality, costs, scholarship availability, internationalisation activities, and research lines. Results: A total of 94 active nursing doctoral programs were identified. Brazil emerged as the pioneer, launching the first doctoral program in 1982, and remains the regional leader, accounting for 43 programs. Most programs are offered by public institutions (76.6%), delivered primarily in face-to-face format (64.1%), and emphasise research (90.4%). There has been a consistent upward trend in the establishment of programs since 2000, with notable expansion between 2011 and 2025. Despite this progress, regional disparities persist, along with a lack of data standardisation and a limited presence of professional doctorates. While 69.1% of programs reported international activities, few offer joint or dual degrees. The most common thematic axis, “Health Care and Nursing,” proved to be broad and non-specific. Conclusion: The study reveals the expanding landscape of nursing doctoral education in Ibero-America, while also exposing persistent challenges regarding access, curricular clarity and regional articulation. Implications for the Profession and/or Patient Care: Doctoral programs are essential for developing research capacity, academic leadership and evidence-based care. Strengthening these programs could enhance nursing responses to local health needs and promote scientific progress in care delivery. Impact: This study provides the first comprehensive mapping of nursing doctoral programs in Ibero-America, highlighting regional disparities and areas for academic collaboration, with potential impact on policy-making, curriculum development, and the strengthening of research capacity in nursing education. Reporting Method: STROBE (Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology). Patient or Public Involvement: No patient or public contribution.