Comprehensive analysis of MAX phase and MXene materials for advanced photocatalysis, electrocatalysis and adsorption in hydrogen evolution and storage

Abstract

Over the past twenty-five years, MAX phases and their derivatives, MXenes, have become a focal point in materials research. These compounds seamlessly blend ceramic and metallic properties, offering high thermal and electrical conductivity, mechanical strength, low density, and resistance to extreme conditions. Their versatility positions them as promising candidates for diverse applications, particularly in advanced photo-catalysis and electro-catalysis for hydrogen evolution. Furthermore, MAX phases and MXenes are potential hydrogen storage materials, with unique structures that provide ample space for efficient hydrogen gas storage and release, vital for clean energy technologies like fuel cells. This review aims to comprehensively analyze their roles in photo-catalysis, electro-catalysis, and hydrogen storage, with a focus on their layered crystal structure. MAX phases integrate superior metal and ceramic attributes, while MXenes offer tunable electronic structures that enhance catalytic performance. Continued exploration is crucial to unlock their full potential, advancing clean energy technologies and beyond.