Assessment of Flurbiprofen Suspension and Composite GelPre- and Post Skin Perforation: Effectiveness in ManagingInflammatory Responses in Ear Tags and Periocular Piercings.

Abstract

Background: Controlled skin perforations, such as ear tags, piercings, and microdermal implants, induce inflammation and stress in individuals undergoing these procedures. This localized trauma requires care to optimize healing, reduce inflammation, and prevent infections. (2) Methods: Two formulations were developed: an FB-suspension and an FB-gel. Their in vivo efficacy was evaluated, along with drug retention in porcine and human skin after 30 min of administration, chemical stability at different temperatures, cytotoxicity, histological changes induced via transdermal application, and irritative potential, assessed using the HET-CAM assay. (3) Results: Both formulations reduced inflammation when applied 30 min before perforation compared to the positive control. The FB-suspension demonstrated no cytotoxicity and exhibited greater efficacy than the free flurbiprofen solution, highlighting the advantages of using nanoparticle-mediated drug delivery. Moreover, the FB-gel maintained chemical stability for up to 3 months across a temperature range of 4 to 40 °C. Histologically, no significant changes in skin composition were observed. (4) Conclusions: The FB-suspension is viable for both pre- and post-perforation application, as it is a sterile formulation. In contrast, the FB-gel is a convenient and easy application, making it a practical alternative for use in both clinical and veterinary settings. Keywords: flurbiprofen; suspension; hydrogel; polyethylene glycol 3350; human skin; porcine skin; NSAID; transdermal drug delivery; controlled skin perforation; inflammation management