α4-α5 helices on surface of KRAS can accommodate small compounds that increase KRAS signaling while inducing CRC cell death

Abstract

Abstract: KRAS is the most frequently mutated oncogene associated with the genesis and progress of pancreatic, lung and colorectal (CRC) tumors. KRAS has always been considered as a therapeutic target in cancer but until now only two compounds that inhibit one specific KRAS mutation have been approved for clinical use. In this work, by molecular dynamics and a docking process, we describe a new compound (P14B) that stably binds to a druggable pocket near the 4- 5 helices of the allosteric domain of KRAS. This region had previously been identified as the binding site for calmodulin (CaM). Using surface plasmon resonance and pulldown analyses, we prove that P14B binds directly to oncogenic KRAS thus competing with CaM. Interestingly, P14B favors oncogenic KRAS interaction with BRAF and phosphorylated C-RAF, and increases downstream Ras signaling in CRC cells expressing oncogenic KRAS. The viability of these cells, but not that of the normal cells, is impaired by P14B treatment. These data support the significance of the 4- 5 helices region of KRAS in the regulation of oncogenic KRAS signaling, and demonstrate that drugs interacting with this site may destine CRC cells to death by increasing oncogenic KRAS downstream signaling. Keywords: colorectal cancer; KRAS; molecular dynamics; docking; allosteric pocket; calmodulin; small molecule inhibitors; RAF; ERK; AKT