Enabling timing analysis in the presence of caches has been pursued by the real-Time embedded systems (RTES) community for years due to cache's huge potential to reduce software's worst-case execution time (WCET). However, caches heavily complicate timing analysis due to hard-To-predict access patterns, with few works dealing with time analyzability of multi-level cache hierarchies. For measurement-based timing analysis (MBTA) techniques-widely used in domains such as avionics, automotive, and rail-we propose several cache hierarchies amenable to MBTA. We focus on a probabilistic variant of MBTA (or MBPTA) that requires caches with time-randomized behavior whose execution time variability can be captured in the measurements taken during system's test runs. For this type of caches, we explore and propose different multi-level cache setups. From those, we choose a cost-effective cache hierarchy that we implement and integrate in a 4-core LEON3 RTL processor model and prototype in a FPGA. Our results show that our proposed setup implemented in RTL results in better (reduced) WCET estimates with similar implementation cost and no impact on average performance w.r.t. other MBPTA-Amenable setups.

Peer Reviewed