This chapter presents a comprehensive set of spectrum occupancy models specifically envisaged for the analysis, design and simulation of cognitive radio systems. The presented models have been proven to accurately capture and reproduce the statistical properties of spectrum occupancy patterns in real systems. The chapter begins with the description of various time-dimension modeling approaches (in discrete and continuous time) along with models for time-correlation properties. Subsequently, joint time-frequency models as well as space-dimension models are explained in detail. Finally, the chapter concludes with a discussion on the combination and integration of the presented models into a unified modeling approach where the time, frequency and space dimensions of spectrum usage can be modeled simultaneously.

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