Nanocarriers for Combination Therapy in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma: A Comprehensive Review

Abstract

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) remains one of the deadliest cancers worldwide, characterized by late diagnosis, aggressive progression, and poor response to conventional monotherapies. Combination therapies have emerged as a promising approach to overcome multidrug resistance (MDR), enhance efficacy, and target the complex tumor microenvironment (TME). Nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems (DDSs) have gained significant attention for their ability to co-deliver multiple agents with controlled release profiles. This review comprehensively examines nanoparticle-based platforms developed for PDAC combination therapies, focusing on small-molecule drugs. The systems discussed are drawn from studies published between 2005 and 2025.