Mechanism of palladium-catalyzed allylic substitution of tertiary allylic carbonates with sodium sulfinates: unusual bifunctional nucleophile-enabled inner-sphere pathway and origin of regio- and enantioselectivities

Abstract

Palladium-catalyzed allylic sulfonylation of tertiary allylic carbonates with sodium sulfinates provides a first general asymmetric approach towards the synthesis of sterically encumbered α,α-disubstituted allylic sulfones. In this report, density functional theory calculations have been performed to establish a detailed reaction mechanism that sheds light on the origin of the regio- and enantioselectivities. The computations reveal that C–S bond formation via the outer-sphere nucleophilic attack is kinetically not feasible, and does not reproduce the experimentally observed high branched type regioselectivity. Instead, the sulfonate nucleophile was found to play a bifunctional role during the C–S bond formation stage. The O-atom acts as a chelating group for the metal center to facilitate the nucleophilic attack by the S-atom, enabling C–S bond formation through a unique inner-sphere manifold that involves a six-membered chair-like transition state. The experimentally observed regio- and enantioselectivities are rationalized well with this mechanistic scenario that features steric and electronic effects, C–H---O hydrogen bonding and C–H---π interactions.