Dual-Energy Integration in Photoresponsive Micro/Nanomotors: From Strategic Design to Biomedical Applications

Abstract

Micro/nanomotors (MNMs) are highly versatile small-scale devices capable of converting external energy inputs into active motion. Among the various energy sources, light stands out due to its abundance and ability to provide spatiotemporal control. However, the effectiveness of light-driven motion in complex environments, such as biological tissues or turbid water, is often limited by light scattering and reduced penetration. To overcome these challenges, recent innovations have integrated light-based actuation with other external stimuli—such as magnetic, acoustic, and electrical fields—broadening the functional range and control of MNMs. This review highlights the cutting-edge developments in dual-energy powered MNMs, emphasizing examples where light is paired with secondary energy sources for enhanced propulsion and task performance. Furthermore, insights are offered into the fabrication techniques, biomedical applications, and the future directions of such hybrid MNMs, while addressing the remaining challenges in this rapidly evolving field.