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Título:	Antibody conversion rates to SARS-CoV-2 in saliva from children attending summer schools in Barcelona, Spain
Autor/a:	Dobaño, Carlota; Alonso, Selena; Fernández de Sevilla, Mariona; Vidal, Marta; Jiménez, Alfons; Pons Tomas, Gemma; Jairoce, Chenjerai; Melé Casas, María; Rubio, Rocío; Hernández García, María; Ruiz-Olalla, Gemma; Girona-Alarcón, Mònica; Barrios, Diana; Santano, Rebeca; Mitchell, Robert A.; Puyol, Laura; Mayer, Leonie; Chi, Jordi; Rodrigo Melero, Natalia; Carolis, Carlo; Garcia-Miquel, Aleix; Bonet-Carne, Elisenda; Claverol, Joana; Cubells, Marta; Fortuny, Claudia; Fumado, Vicky; Jou, Cristina; Muñoz-Almagro, Carmen; Izquierdo, Luis; Bassat, Quique; Gratacós, Eduard; Aguilar, Ruth; García-García, Juan José; Moncunill, Gemma; Jordan, Iolanda
Notas:	Background: Surveillance tools to estimate viral transmission dynamics in young populations are essential to guide recommendations for school opening and management during viral epidemics. Ideally, sensitive techniques are required to detect low viral load exposures among asymptomatic children. We aimed to estimate SARS-CoV-2 infection rates in children and adult populations in a school-like environment during the initial COVID-19 pandemic waves using an antibody-based field-deployable and non-invasive approach. Methods: Saliva antibody conversion defined as ≥ 4-fold increase in IgM, IgA, and/or IgG levels to five SARS-CoV-2 antigens including spike and nucleocapsid constructs was evaluated in 1509 children and 396 adults by high-throughput Luminex assays in samples collected weekly in 22 summer schools and 2 pre-schools in 27 venues in Barcelona, Spain, from June 29th to July 31st, 2020. Results: Saliva antibody conversion between two visits over a 5-week period was 3.22% (49/1518) or 2.36% if accounting for potentially cross-reactive antibodies, six times higher than the cumulative infection rate (0.53%) assessed by weekly saliva RT-PCR screening. IgG conversion was higher in adults (2.94%, 11/374) than children (1.31%, 15/1144) (p=0.035), IgG and IgA levels moderately increased with age, and antibodies were higher in females. Most antibody converters increased both IgG and IgA antibodies but some augmented either IgG or IgA, with a faster decay over time for IgA than IgG. Nucleocapsid rather than spike was the main antigen target. Anti-spike antibodies were significantly higher in individuals not reporting symptoms than symptomatic individuals, suggesting a protective role against COVID-19. Conclusion: Saliva antibody profiling including three isotypes and multiplexing antigens is a useful and user-friendlier tool for screening pediatric populations to detect low viral load exposures among children, particularly while they are not vaccinated and vulnerable to highly contagious variants, and to recommend public health policies during pandemics.
Materia(s):	-SARS-CoV-2 -Conversió d'anticossos -Saliva -Nens -Escoles -SARS-CoV-2 -Conversión de anticuerpos -Saliva -Niños -Escuelas -SARS-CoV-2 -Antibody conversion -Saliva -Children -Schools -578 -61 -616.9
Derechos:	© The Author(s). 2021 Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons. licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Tipo de documento:	Artículo Artículo - Versión publicada
Editor:	Springer Nature
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