Alternatives microbianes a l’ús de pesticides

Abstract

This final degree project explores microbial alternatives to traditional chemical pesticides used

in agriculture. The main objective is to evaluate the real viability of biopesticides as a substitute

for synthetic pesticides, considering their effectiveness, safety, mechanisms of action, and

environmental impact.

Three main groups of microbial agents are analyzed: baculoviruses, entomopathogenic fungi,

and bacteria, mainly Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). Baculoviruses are presented as highly specific

entomopathogens, safe for human and environmental health, though they have disadvantages

such as high production costs and slow action time. Fungi, especially Beauveria and

Metarhizium, stand out for their ability to act both by contact and endophytically, promoting

plant growth and enhancing systemic defense. Finally, Bt is the most widely used biopesticide

globally due to its fast action and potential use in transgenic crops.

Compared to conventional pesticides, the environmental advantages of biopesticides are

highlighted: they are biodegradable, specific, and non-polluting. However, they present

limitations such as sensitivity to adverse environmental conditions, short persistence, and

strict regulations for commercialization.

In conclusion, the project emphasizes that biopesticides are a promising and safe alternative,

especially when integrated into Integrated Pest Management (IPM) programs. For widespread

development, continued advancement in production, formulation, and regulatory techniques

is necessary, as well as promoting research and institutional support to foster a more

sustainable and ethically responsible agriculture

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