dc.contributor.author |
Sureda, Xisca |
dc.contributor.author |
Fernández Muñoz, Esteve |
dc.contributor.author |
López, María José |
dc.contributor.author |
Nebot, Manel |
dc.date |
2014-01-16T11:02:18Z |
dc.date |
2014-01-16T11:02:18Z |
dc.date |
2013-07-01 |
dc.date |
2014-01-16T11:02:19Z |
dc.identifier.citation |
0091-6765 |
dc.identifier.citation |
624936 |
dc.identifier.uri |
http://hdl.handle.net/2445/48966 |
dc.format |
8 p. |
dc.format |
application/pdf |
dc.language.iso |
eng |
dc.publisher |
National Institute of Environmental Health Science |
dc.relation |
Reproducció del document publicat a: http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1205806 |
dc.relation |
Environmental Health Perspectives, 2013, vol. 121, num. 7, p. 766-773 |
dc.relation |
http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1205806 |
dc.rights |
CC0 (c) Sureda, Xisca et al., 2013 |
dc.rights |
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess |
dc.rights |
http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/ |
dc.subject |
Tabac |
dc.subject |
Fum |
dc.subject |
Contaminació de l'ambient interior |
dc.subject |
Contaminació atmosfèrica |
dc.subject |
Malalties cardiovasculars |
dc.subject |
Tobacco |
dc.subject |
Smoke |
dc.subject |
Indoor air pollution |
dc.subject |
Atmospheric pollution |
dc.subject |
Cardiovascular diseases |
dc.title |
Secondhand tobacco smoke exposure in open and semi-open settings: a systematic review |
dc.type |
info:eu-repo/semantics/article |
dc.type |
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion |
dc.description.abstract |
Background: Some countries have recently extended smoke-free policies to particular outdoor settings; however, there is controversy regarding whether this is scientifically and ethically justifiable. Objectives: The objective of the present study was to review research on secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure in outdoor settings. Data sources: We conducted different searches in PubMed for the period prior to September 2012. We checked the references of the identified papers, and conducted a similar search in Google Scholar. Study selection: Our search terms included combinations of"secondhand smoke,""environmental tobacco smoke,""passive smoking" OR"tobacco smoke pollution" AND"outdoors" AND"PM" (particulate matter),"PM2.5" (PM with diameter ≤ 2.5 µm),"respirable suspended particles,""particulate matter,""nicotine,""CO" (carbon monoxide),"cotinine,""marker,""biomarker" OR"airborne marker." In total, 18 articles and reports met the inclusion criteria. Results: Almost all studies used PM2.5 concentration as an SHS marker. Mean PM2.5 concentrations reported for outdoor smoking areas when smokers were present ranged from 8.32 to 124 µg/m3 at hospitality venues, and 4.60 to 17.80 µg/m3 at other locations. Mean PM2.5 concentrations in smoke-free indoor settings near outdoor smoking areas ranged from 4 to 120.51 µg/m3. SHS levels increased when smokers were present, and outdoor and indoor SHS levels were related. Most studies reported a positive association between SHS measures and smoker density, enclosure of outdoor locations, wind conditions, and proximity to smokers. Conclusions: The available evidence indicates high SHS levels at some outdoor smoking areas and at adjacent smoke-free indoor areas. Further research and standardization of methodology is needed to determine whether smoke-free legislation should be extended to outdoor settings. |