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oai:recercat.cat:2445/2246812026-04-07T22:11:46Zcom_2072_1057col_2072_478796col_2072_478917col_2072_478933

Sustained, Reversible, and Adaptive Non-Equilibrium Steady States of a Dissipative DNA-Based System Nicholas, James D. Grosso, Erica del deMello, Andrew J. Puigmartí-Luis, Josep Ricci, Francesco, 1977- Sorrenti, Alessandro Àcids nucleics Biologia sintètica Nucleic acids Synthetic biology Inspired by nature, researchers have developed several chemical fuel-driven supramolecular systems aimed at achieving improved kinetic control over their formation and functions. Alongside, DNA-based systems regulated by energy-dissipating mechanisms have been reported. However, the majority of these systems rely on batchwise additions of chemical fuels to closed reactors, resulting in transient non-equilibrium states that differ fundamentally from the sustained and highly adaptable non-equilibrium steady states (NESS) maintained by living systems through continuous energy dissipation. Here, we demonstrate sustained NESS of a dissipative DNA strand-displacement reaction achieved through the continuous supply of an RNA fuel to an open semi-batch reactor, using a custom automated setup that enables tunable fuel infusion rates and in situ analysis. Similar to biological NESS, our system dynamically adapts in real-time to subtle variations in fuel supply, achieving different steady-state levels of the strand-displacement reaction. Our approach demonstrates remarkable on-the-fly control over a dissipative DNA nanosystem, unachievable when working under batch conditions. Importantly, by fitting the experimental data to a kinetic model of the reaction network, we were able to confirm that the observed steady states correspond to true non-equilibrium compositions of the system. 2025-12-04T13:53:50Z 2025-12-04T13:53:50Z 2025-10-20 2025-12-04T13:53:51Z info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion 1433-7851 https://hdl.handle.net/2445/224681 762131 40884021 eng Reproducció del document publicat a: https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202512967 Angewandte Chemie-International Edition, 2025, vol. 64, num. 43 https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202512967 cc-by-nc (c) Nicholas, James D. et al., 2025 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess 8 p. application/pdf Wiley-VCH Articles publicats en revistes (Ciència dels Materials i Química Física)