2026-04-17T07:50:51Zhttps://recercat.cat/oai/request

oai:recercat.cat:2445/1769932025-12-05T11:18:48Zcom_2072_1057col_2072_478801col_2072_478916col_2072_478906col_2072_478917

00925njm 22002777a 4500 dc Martínez Álvarez, Anna author Sanz-Torrent, Mònica author Pons Gimeno, Ferran author Diego Balaguer, Ruth de author 2021-05-04T12:01:05Z 2023-02-15T06:10:22Z 2021-02-15 2021-05-04T12:01:05Z Temporal expectations critically influence perception and action. Previous research reports contradictory results in children's ability to endogenously orient attention in time as well as the developmental course. To reconcile this seemingly conflicting evidence, we put forward the hypothesis that expectancy violations through the use of invalid trials are the source of the mixed evidence reported in the literature. With the aim of offering new results that could reconcile previous findings, we tested a group of young children (4- to 7-year-olds), an older group (8- to 12-year-olds), and a group of adults. Temporal cues provided expectations about target onset time, and invalid trials were used such that the target appeared at the unexpected time in 25% of the trials. In both experiments, the younger children responded faster in valid trials than in invalid trials, showing that they benefited from the temporal cue. These results show that young children rely on temporal expectations to orient attention in time endogenously. Importantly, younger children exhibited greater validity effects than older children and adults, and these effects correlated positively with participants' performance in the invalid (unexpected) trials. We interpret the reduction of validity effects with age as an index of better adaptation to the invalid (unexpected) condition. By using invalid trials and testing three age groups, we demonstrate that previous findings are not inconsistent. Rather, evidence converges when considering the presence of expectancy violations that require executive control mechanisms, which develop progressively during childhood. We propose a distinction between rigid and flexible mechanisms of temporal orienting to accommodate all findings. Desenvolupament infantil Assaigs clínics Atenció Psicologia Child development Clinical trials Attention Psychology Rethinking attention in time: expectancy violations reconcile contradictory developmental evidence