2026-04-17T16:56:07Zhttps://recercat.cat/oai/request

oai:recercat.cat:2117/3856252026-01-30T08:18:43Zcom_2072_1033col_2072_452950

In situ interlayer hot forging arc-based directed energy deposition of Inconel® 625: process development and microstructure effects Cipriano Farias, Francisco Duarte, Valdemar Oliveira Felice, Igor Cruz Payao Filho, Joao Schell, N. Maawad, Emad Ávila Díaz, Julián Arnaldo Li, J.Y. Zhang, Y. Santos, Telmo Oliveira Pedro, Joao Àrees temàtiques de la UPC::Enginyeria dels materials Additive manufacturing Wire arc additive manufacturing Inconel Hybrid process Hot forging Heat treatment Equiaxed grains Fabricació additiva The typical as-built coarse and cube-oriented microstructure of Inconel® 625 parts fabricated via arc-based directed energy deposition (DED) induces anisotropic mechanical behavior, reducing the potential applications of arc-based DEDed Inconel® 625 in critical components. In this sense, the present work aimed to reduce the grain size and texture by applying an in situ interlayer hot forging (HF) combined with post-deposition heat treatments (PDHT). The produced samples were characterized through optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy coupled with electron backscatter diffraction, synchrotron X-ray diffraction, and Vickers microhardness. Also, a dedicated deformation tool was designed and optimized via a finite element method model considering the processing conditions and thermal cycle experienced by the material. It is shown that the in situ interlayer deformation induced a thermo-mechanical-affected zone (dynamic recrystallized + remaining deformation, with a height of ˜ 1.2 mm) at the bead top surface, which resulted in thinner aligned grains and lower texture index in relation to as-built DED counterpart. In addition, the effects of solution (1100 °C/ 1 h) and stabilization (980 °C/ 1 h) PDHTs on the Inconel® 625 HF-DEDed parts were also analyzed, which promoted fine and equiaxed static recrystallized grains without cube orientation, comparable to wrought material. Therefore, the HF-DED process significantly refined the typical coarse and highly oriented microstructure of Ni-based superalloys obtained by arc-based DED. Peer Reviewed Postprint (published version) 2023-03 Article https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214860423000891 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ Open Access Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International Elsevier