2026-04-17T16:18:05Zhttps://recercat.cat/oai/request

oai:recercat.cat:2072/4561382025-03-27T05:55:58Zcom_2072_98col_2072_378192

00925njm 22002777a 4500 dc Stoots, Simone J. M. author Geraghty, Rob author Kamphuis, Guido M. author Jamnadass, Enakshee author Henderickx, Michaël M. E. L. author Ventimiglia, Eugenio author Traxer, Olivier author Keller, Etienne Xavier author De Coninck, Vincent author Talso, Michele author Kallidonis, Panagiotis author Emiliani, Esteban author Bres-Niewada, Ewa author Karim, Sadaf S. author Piccirilli, Angela author Vagionis, Athanasios author Somani, Bhaskar K. author Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona author 2021 Kidney stone disease is a common disease with high recurrence rates. Sufficient intake of water is the cornerstone in primary prevention of stone disease. However, the mineral composition of water can affect urinary minerals and influence stone formation. The aim of this study is to assess the variation in the mineral composition of bottled sparkling or carbonated drinking water across Europe. The two largest supermarket chains in each participating country were visited to obtain data on mineral composition regarding bicarbonate, calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium and sulphates of sparkling or carbonated waters by reading the ingredient labels on the bottles supplied by the manufacturers. Alternatively, the web-shops of these supermarkets were consulted. In total, 126 sparkling water brands across ten European countries were analysed regarding mineral composition. The median concentrations per mineral varied greatly. The greatest variation in median mineral content was found for sodium and sulphates with levels ranging from 3.1 mg/l to 63.0 mg/l and 6.0 mg/l to 263.0 mg/l respectively. A wide distribution of calcium content was found in Switzerland, with calcium levels reaching up to 581.6 mg/l. This study confirms that the mineral composition of sparkling or carbonated water varies greatly across Europe. Patients with kidney stone disease should be aware that the mineral content of water may influence stone formation and be mindful of the great variation that exists between different water brands. Mineral water can be a source of potential promotors or inhibitors of stone formation and patients and urologists need to be mindful of this. Urolithiasis Kidney stone disease Mineral content Mineral composition Sparkling water Variations in the mineral content of bottled 'carbonated or sparkling' water across Europe : a comparison of 126 brands across 10 countries