<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><?xml-stylesheet type="text/xsl" href="static/style.xsl"?><OAI-PMH xmlns="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/ http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/OAI-PMH.xsd"><responseDate>2026-04-13T06:50:34Z</responseDate><request verb="GetRecord" identifier="oai:www.recercat.cat:20.500.14342/5729" metadataPrefix="marc">https://recercat.cat/oai/request</request><GetRecord><record><header><identifier>oai:recercat.cat:20.500.14342/5729</identifier><datestamp>2025-12-25T01:54:11Z</datestamp><setSpec>com_2072_482405</setSpec><setSpec>com_2072_183628</setSpec><setSpec>col_2072_482415</setSpec></header><metadata><record xmlns="http://www.loc.gov/MARC21/slim" xmlns:dcterms="http://purl.org/dc/terms/" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:doc="http://www.lyncode.com/xoai" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.loc.gov/MARC21/slim http://www.loc.gov/standards/marcxml/schema/MARC21slim.xsd">
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      <subfield code="a">Arnela, Marc</subfield>
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      <subfield code="a">Dabbaghchian, Saeed</subfield>
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      <subfield code="a">Bladin, Rémi</subfield>
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      <subfield code="a">Guasch, Oriol</subfield>
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      <subfield code="a">Engwall, Olov</subfield>
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      <subfield code="a">Van Hirtum, Annemie</subfield>
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      <subfield code="a">Pelorson, Xavier</subfield>
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      <subfield code="c">2016-09-15</subfield>
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      <subfield code="a">For many years, the vocal tract shape has been approximated by one-dimensional (1D) area functions to study the production of voice. More recently, 3D approaches allow one to deal with the complex 3D vocal tract, although area-based 3D geometries of circular cross-section are still in use. However, little is known about the influence of performing such a simplification, and some alternatives may exist between these two extreme options. To this aim, several vocal tract geometry simplifications for vowels [ɑ], [i], and [u] are investigated in this work. Six cases are considered, consisting of realistic, elliptical, and circular cross-sections interpolated through a bent or straight midline. For frequencies below 4–5 kHz, the influence of bending and cross-sectional shape has been found weak, while above these values simplified bent vocal tracts with realistic cross-sections are necessary to correctly emulate higher-order mode propagation. To perform this study, the finite element method (FEM) has been used. FEM results have also been compared to a 3D multimodal method and to a classical 1D frequency domain model.</subfield>
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      <subfield code="a">https://doi.org/10.1121/1.4962488</subfield>
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      <subfield code="a">Vocal tract acoustics</subfield>
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      <subfield code="a">Human voice</subfield>
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      <subfield code="a">Acoustic field</subfield>
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      <subfield code="a">Vowel systems</subfield>
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      <subfield code="a">Influence of vocal tract geometry simplifications on the numerical simulation of vowel sounds</subfield>
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