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2025-10-22T11:25:11Z urn:hdl:20.500.12327/1761 Potential of Oral Nanoparticles Containing Cytokines as Intestinal Mucosal Immunostimulants in Pigs: A Pilot Study López-Cano, Adrià Bach, Alex López-Serrano, Sergi Aragon, Virginia Blanch, Marta Pastor, Jose J. Tedó, Gemma Morais, Sofia Garcia-Fruitos, Elena Alomar, Oscar Producció Animal Sanitat Animal Producció de Remugants Producció de Remugants Antimicrobial resistance is a global threat that is worryingly rising in the livestock sector. Among the proposed strategies, immunostimulant development appears an interesting approach to increase animal resilience at critical production points. The use of nanoparticles based on cytokine aggregates, called inclusion bodies (IBs), has been demonstrated as a new source of immunostimulants in aquaculture. Aiming to go a step further, the objective of this study was to produce cytokine nanoparticles using a food-grade microorganism and to test their applicability to stimulate intestinal mucosa in swine. Four cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α) involved in inflammatory response were produced recombinantly in Lactococcus lactis in the form of protein nanoparticles (IBs). They were able to stimulate inflammatory responses in a porcine enterocyte cell line (IPEC-J2) and alveolar macrophages, maintaining high stability at low pH and high temperature. In addition, an in vivo assay was conducted involving 20 piglets housed individually as a preliminary exploration of the potential effects of IL-1β nanoparticles in piglet intestinal mucosa after a 7 d oral administration. The treated animals tended to have greater levels of TNF-α in the blood, indicating that the tested dose of nanoparticles tended to generate an inflammatory response in the animals. Whether this response is sufficient to increase animal resilience needs further evaluation. 2025-10-22T11:25:11Z 2025-10-22T11:25:11Z 2022-04-21 info:eu-repo/semantics/article López-Cano, Adrià, Alex Bach, Sergi López-Serrano, Virginia Aragon, Marta Blanch, Jose J. Pastor, Gemma Tedó, Sofia Morais, Elena Garcia-Fruitós, and Anna Arís. 2022. "Potential Of Oral Nanoparticles Containing Cytokines As Intestinal Mucosal Immunostimulants In Pigs: A Pilot Study". Animals 12 (9): 1075. doi:10.3390/ani12091075. 2076-2615 http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12327/1761 https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12091075 eng Animals http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess Attribution 4.0 International MDPI