2026-04-14T02:12:55Zhttps://recercat.cat/oai/requestoai:recercat.cat:11351/133662025-10-24T10:35:28Zcom_2072_378070com_2072_378040col_2072_378092
RECERCAT
author
Pensato, Umberto
author
Dowlatshahi, Dar
author
Ospel, Johanna
author
Morotti, Andrea
author
Tanaka, Koji
author
Rodriguez-Luna, David
2025-10-24T10:35:28Z
2025-10-24T10:35:28Z
2025-07-08T07:28:17Z2025-07-08T07:28:17Z2025-06
http://hdl.handle.net/11351/13366
Angiography; Cerebral hemorrhage; Hemorrhagic strokeAngiografia; Hemorràgia cerebral; Ictus hemorràgicAngiografía; Hemorragia cerebral; Ictus hemorrágicoHematoma expansion (HE) is a common occurrence affecting around 10% to 30% of patients with acute intracerebral hemorrhage within the initial hours from symptom onset and is the only modifiable factor associated with poor clinical outcomes. The detection of contrast extravasation on computed tomography (CT) angiography, known as the spot sign, was initially embraced as a promising radiological marker for predicting HE that could aid patient selection for acute interventions aimed at minimizing HE. However, the initial enthusiasm waned as clinical studies failed to show clear clinical benefits of hemostatic treatments when patients were selected based on the presence of this imaging marker. In this narrative review, we provide a comprehensive summary of the pathophysiology, definitions, imaging protocols, and predictive performance of the spot sign, along with the clinical studies that have selected and treated patients based on its presence. Finally, we delve into some nuances of the spot sign that can enhance its predictive performance and help stratify HE risk with greater precision. These features include static findings observed on single-phase CT angiography (ie, number, volume, CT density, and colocalization with hypodensities), as well as dynamic findings identified on multiphase/dynamic CT angiography (ie, timing of appearance, volume increase, volume decrease for tissue dispersion, and CT density changes). In this reappraisal of the spot sign, we aim to reinvigorate research on advanced neuroimaging in intracerebral hemorrhage that could lead to a more accurate HE prediction. This could facilitate better selection for therapies aimed at preventing HE or surgical approaches to address the bleeding source.This work was partially supported by Ricerca Corrente funding from Italian Ministry of Health to IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital.
Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
Hemorràgia cerebral - Imatgeria
Angiografia
DISEASES::Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms::Pathologic Processes::Hemorrhage::Hematoma
Other subheadings::Other subheadings::Other subheadings::/diagnostic imaging
ANALYTICAL, DIAGNOSTIC AND THERAPEUTIC TECHNIQUES, AND EQUIPMENT::Diagnosis::Diagnostic Techniques and Procedures::Diagnostic Imaging::Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted::Tomography, X-Ray Computed::Computed Tomography Angiography
DISEASES::Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms::Pathologic Processes::Hemorrhage::Intracranial Hemorrhages::Cerebral Hemorrhage
ENFERMEDADES::afecciones patológicas, signos y síntomas::procesos patológicos::hemorragia::hematoma
Otros calificadores::Otros calificadores::Otros calificadores::/diagnóstico por imagen
TÉCNICAS Y EQUIPOS ANALÍTICOS, DIAGNÓSTICOS Y TERAPÉUTICOS::diagnóstico::técnicas y procedimientos diagnósticos::diagnóstico por imagen::interpretación de imágenes asistida por ordenador::tomografía computarizada por rayos X::angiografía por tomografía computarizada
ENFERMEDADES::afecciones patológicas, signos y síntomas::procesos patológicos::hemorragia::hemorragias intracraneales::hemorragia cerebral
Spot Sign in Intracerebral Hemorrhage: Critical Reappraisal and Future Clinical Implications
info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion