2026-04-13T02:11:26Zhttps://recercat.cat/oai/request

oai:recercat.cat:10256/252742024-10-29T20:42:15Zcom_2072_452955com_2072_2054col_2072_453063

00925njm 22002777a 4500 dc Fort, Joaquim author Pérez Losada, Joaquim author 2024-08-15 The Neolithic (i.e., farming and stockbreeding) spread from the Near East across Europe since about 9000 years before the common era (BCE) until about 4000 yr BCE. It followed two main routes, namely a sea route along the northern Mediterranean coast and an inland one across the Balkans and central Europe. It is known that the dispersive behavior of farmers depended on geography, with longer movements along the Mediterranean coast than along the inland route. In sharp contrast, here we show that for both routes the percentage of farmers who interbred with hunter-gatherers and/or acculturated one of them was strikingly the same (about 3.6%). Therefore, whereas the dispersive behavior depended on the proximity to the Mediterranean sea, the interaction behavior (incorporation of hunter-gatherers) did not depend on geographical constraints but only on the transition in the subsistence economy (from hunting and gathering to farming) and its associated way of life. These conclusions are reached by analyzing the clines of haplogroup K, which was virtually absent in hunter-gatherers and the most frequent mitochondrial haplogroup in early farmers. Similarly, the most frequent Y-chromosome Neolithic haplogroup (G2a) displays an inland cline that agrees with the percentage of interbreeding reported above http://hdl.handle.net/10256/25274 Neolític -- Models matemàtics Neolithic period -- Mathematical models Difusió cultural -- Models matemàtics Culture diffusion -- Mathematical models Interbreeding between farmers and hunter-gatherers along the inland and Mediterranean routes of Neolithic spread in Europe