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RECERCAT author Albuixech Crespo, Beatriz author López Blanch, Laura author Burguera, Demián author Maeso, Ignacio author Sánchez Arrones, Luisa author Moreno Bravo, Juan Antonio author Somorjai, Ildikó Maureen Lara author Pascual Anaya, Juan author Puelles, Eduardo author Bovolenta, Paola author García Fernàndez, Jordi author Puelles, Luis author Irimia Martínez, Manuel author Ferrán, José Luis E. 2018-07-02T07:45:49Z2018-07-02T07:45:49Z2017 All vertebrate brains develop following a common Bauplan defined by anteroposterior (AP) and dorsoventral (DV) subdivisions, characterized by largely conserved differential expression of gene markers. However, it is still unclear how this Bauplan originated during evolution. We studied the relative expression of 48 genes with key roles in vertebrate neural patterning in a representative amphioxus embryonic stage. Unlike nonchordates, amphioxus develops its central nervous system (CNS) from a neural plate that is homologous to that of vertebrates, allowing direct topological comparisons. The resulting genoarchitectonic model revealed that the amphioxus incipient neural tube is unexpectedly complex, consisting of several AP and DV molecular partitions. Strikingly, comparison with vertebrates indicates that the vertebrate thalamus, pretectum, and midbrain domains jointly correspond to a single amphioxus region, which we termed Di-Mesencephalic primordium (DiMes). This suggests that these domains have a common developmental and evolutionary origin, as supported by functional experiments manipulating secondary organizers in zebrafish and mice.Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness and European FEDER funds (grant number BFU2014-57516-P). To Luis Puelles and Jose Luis Ferran. European Research Council (grant number ERC-StG-LS2-637591). To Manuel Irimia. Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (grant number SEV-2012-0208).Centro de Excelencia Severo Ochoa (to CRG, Manuel Irimia). Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (grant number BFU2014-58908-P). To Jordi Garcia-Fernadez. Seneca Foundation, Comunidad de Murcia (grant number 19904/GERM/15). To Luis Puelles. Generalitat de Catalunya (grant number). ICREA Academia Prize to Jordi Garcia-Fernandez. Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (grant number BFU2013-43213-P). To Paola Bovolenta. Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (grant number BFU2014-55076-P). To Manuel Irimia. Including an FPI PhD fellowship to Laura Lopez-Blanch. Marine Alliance for Science and Technology Scotland (MASTS) (grant number). To Ildiko Somorjai. © 2017 Albuixech-Crespo et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess Amphioxus Gene expression In situ hybridization Chick embryo Body patterning Neural tube Molecular regionalization of the developing amphioxus neural tube challenges major partitions of the vertebrate brain info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion