Autor/a:
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Accordini, Simone; Calciano, Lucia; Johannessen, Ane; Portas, Laura; Benediktsdottir, Bryndís; Bertelsen, Randi Jacobsen; Braback, Lennart; Carsin, Anne Elie; Dharmage, Shyamali C.; Dratva, Julia; Forsberg, Bertil; Gómez Real, Francisco; Heinrich, Joachim; Holloway, John W.; Holm, Mathias; Janson, Christer; Jogi, Rain; Leynaert, Bénédicte; Malinovschi, Andrei; Marcon, Alessandro; Martínez Moratalla Rovira, Jesús; Raherison, Chantal; Sánchez Ramos, José Luis; Schlunssen, Vivi; Bono, Roberto; Corsico, Angelo Guido; Demoly, Pascal; Dorado Arenas, Sandra; Nowak, Dennis; Pin, Isabelle; Weyler, Joost; Jarvis, Deborah; Svanes, Cecilie
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Abstract:
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Background: Mothers' smoking during pregnancy increases asthma
risk in their offspring. There is some evidence that
grandmothers' smoking may have a similar effect, and biological
plausibility that fathers' smoking during adolescence may
influence offspring's health through transmittable epigenetic
changes in sperm precursor cells. We evaluated the
three-generation associations of tobacco smoking with asthma.
Methods: Between 2010 and 2013, at the European Community
Respiratory Health Survey III clinical interview, 2233 mothers
and 1964 fathers from 26 centres reported whether their
offspring (aged =51 years) had ever had asthma and whether
it had coexisted with nasal allergies or not. Mothers and
fathers also provided information on their parents'
(grandparents) and their own asthma, education and smoking
history. Multilevel mediation models within a multicentre
three-generation framework were fitted separately within the
maternal (4666 offspring) and paternal (4192 offspring) lines.
Results: Fathers' smoking before they were 15 [relative risk
ratio (RRR) = 1.43, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.01-2.01] and
mothers' smoking during pregnancy (RRR = 1.27, 95% CI:
1.01-1.59) were associated with asthma without nasal allergies
in their offspring. Grandmothers' smoking during pregnancy was
associated with asthma in their daughters [odds ratio (OR) =
1.55, 95% CI: 1.17-2.06] and with asthma with nasal allergies in
their grandchildren within the maternal line (RRR = 1.25, 95%
CI: 1.02-1.55). Conclusions: Fathers' smoking during early
adolescence and grandmothers' and mothers' smoking during
pregnancy may independently increase asthma risk in offspring.
Thus, risk factors for asthma should be sought in both parents
and before conception. |