Driven by the growing demand of personalization of medical procedures, data-based, computer-aided cancer research in human patients is advancing at an accelerating pace, providing a broadening landscape of opportunity for Computational Intelligence methods and related techniques. This landscape can be observed from the wide-reaching view of population studies down to the genotype detail. In this introductory chapter, we provide a sweeping glimpse, by no means exhaustive, of the state-of-the-art in this field at the different scales of data measurement and analysis. We do so by focusing mostly on examples from European research, some of which are the matter of the following chapters of the book.

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