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Abstract:
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Analog-to-digital converters (ADC) are widely used in consumer electronics, as well as aeronautic,
space and automotive development fields. The ADC clock frequency has been increasing in the latest
years due to the continuous downscaling in CMOS technology. This constant rising of the operating
frequency implies a significant enhancement of the electromagnetic inference (EMI). Therefore, in order
to predict the impact of the EMI on the electronic systems performance, electrical circuit models,
involving these EMC issues, are required. In this sense, an electromagnetic model of integrated circuits
has been internationally standardized (ICEM model) [1]. This model includes a passive distribution
network (PDN), which presents the characteristics of propagations paths of electromagnetic noise and the
internal activity (IA), which corresponds to the electromagnetic noise source that originates in switching
of active devices in the integrated circuit (IC), measured according to [2]. This work addresses the
characterization and modeling of a 10-bit Analog-to-Digital Converter in a 8-small outline integrate
circuit (SOIC) package, according to the international standard IEC 62433-2. The ADC has a 3.3 V
supply voltage, and an operating frequency of 2.8 MHz. The clock (CLK) corresponds to a square signal
with a duty cycle of 50 % and the chip select (CS) is a square waveform of 100 kHz with a duty cycle of
10 %. The input voltage has been chosen to have the worst condition, (i.e. when the ADC output has the
maximum number of transitions from 0 to VCC and vice versa). Fig. 1 shows the spectrum of the ADC’s
IA measured according to EN 61967-4. The spectrum contains several harmonics due to the CLK and CS
signals. The first harmonic is located at 1.4 MHz which corresponds to the frequency of the ADC serial
output, and then successive harmonics at even and pair frequencies are produced. All the ADC serial
output harmonics present sidebands due to the CS signal. Fig. 2 depicts the return losses parameter (S11)
in the power supply pin, which has been obtained by means of a vector network analyzer. The
information obtained with S11 is related with the input impedance of the integrated circuit and the
characteristics of propagation paths. From these dates, the ICEM model of the ADC converter has been
obtained. |
